Introduction
Background
In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. The monarchy remained in power until 1945, when the communist Partisans headed by Josip Broz (aka TITO) took control of the newly created Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). After TITO died in 1980, communism in Yugoslavia gradually gave way to resurgent nationalism. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia, and his calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in 1992, and MILOSEVIC led military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions ultimately failed, and international intervention led to the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995.
In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo resulted in a brutal Serbian counterinsurgency campaign. Serbia rejected a proposed international settlement, and NATO responded with a bombing campaign that forced Serbian forces to withdraw from Kosovo in June 1999. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. In 2006, Montenegro seceded and declared itself an independent nation.
In 2008, Kosovo also declared independence -- an action Serbia still refuses to recognize. In 2013, Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries. Additional agreements were reached in 2015 and 2023, but implementation remains incomplete. Serbia has been an official candidate for EU membership since 2012, and President Aleksandar VUCIC has promoted the ambitious goal of Serbia joining the EU by 2025.
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Geography
Location
Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary
Geographic coordinates
44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references
Europe
Land boundaries
total: 2,322 km
border countries (8): Bosnia and Herzegovina 345 km; Bulgaria 344 km; Croatia 314 km; Hungary 164 km; Kosovo 366 km; North Macedonia 101 km; Montenegro 157 km; Romania 531 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Terrain
extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills
Elevation
highest point: Midzor 2,169 m
lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
mean elevation: 442 m
Natural resources
oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 57.9% (2018 est.)
arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.6% (2018 est.)
other: 10.5% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land
520 sq km (2020)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Natural hazards
destructive earthquakes
Geography - note
landlocked; controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East
People and Society
Population
total: 6,652,212
male: 3,242,751
female: 3,409,461 (2024 est.)
comparison rankings: female 108; male 109; total 109
Nationality
noun: Serb(s)
adjective: Serbian
Ethnic groups
Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romani 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)
note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–11% of Serbia's population
Languages
Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romani 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8% (2011 est.)
major-language sample(s):
Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Ruthenian (Rusyn) are official in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina; most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census
Religions
Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8% (includes agnostics, other Christians, Eastern, Jewish), undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)
note: most ethnic Albanians boycotted the 2011 census
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.4% (male 492,963/female 463,995)
15-64 years: 65.6% (male 2,198,591/female 2,168,113)
65 years and over: 20% (2024 est.) (male 551,197/female 777,353)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 53.8
youth dependency ratio: 21.9
elderly dependency ratio: 31.9
potential support ratio: 3.1 (2021 est.)
note: data include Kosovo
Median age
total: 43.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 42.4 years
female: 45.4 years
comparison ranking: total 33
Population distribution
a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations
Urbanization
urban population: 57.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Kosovo
Major urban areas - population
1.408 million BELGRADE (capital) (2023)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
28.2 years (2020 est.)
note: data does not cover Kosovo or Metohija
Infant mortality rate
total: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 5.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 181
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 75.3 years (2024 est.)
male: 72.7 years
female: 78.1 years
comparison ranking: total population 128
Gross reproduction rate
0.71 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
62.3% (2019)
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 99.7% of population
rural: 99.4% of population
total: 99.5% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.3% of population
rural: 0.6% of population
total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)
Current health expenditure
8.7% of GDP (2020)
Physician density
3.11 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
Hospital bed density
5.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 99.6% of population
rural: 95.7% of population
total: 97.9% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.4% of population
rural: 4.3% of population
total: 2.1% of population (2020 est.)
Major infectious diseases
degree of risk: intermediate (2023)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
Alcohol consumption per capita
total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 3.24 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 1.62 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.37 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: total 55
Tobacco use
total: 39.8% (2020 est.)
male: 40.5% (2020 est.)
female: 39.1% (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: total 4
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
60.8% (2023 est.)
Child marriage
women married by age 15: 1.2%
women married by age 18: 5.5% (2019 est.)
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.5%
male: 99.9%
female: 99.1% (2019)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 14 years
male: 14 years
female: 15 years (2021)
Environment
Environment - current issues
air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube; inadequate management of domestic, industrial, and hazardous waste
Environment - international agreements
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Climate
in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Land use
agricultural land: 57.9% (2018 est.)
arable land: 37.7% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 3.4% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 16.8% (2018 est.)
forest: 31.6% (2018 est.)
other: 10.5% (2018 est.)
Urbanization
urban population: 57.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data include Kosovo
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 21.74 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 45.22 megatons (2016 est.)
methane emissions: 11.96 megatons (2020 est.)
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.84 million tons (2015 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 13,984 tons (2015 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0.8% (2015 est.)
Major rivers (by length in km)
Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km
note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth
Major watersheds (area sq km)
Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 680 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 3.99 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 660 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
Total renewable water resources
162.2 billion cubic meters (2020 est.) (note - includes Kosovo)
Geoparks
total global geoparks and regional networks: 1
global geoparks and regional networks: Djerdap (2023)
Government
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Serbia
conventional short form: Serbia
local long form: Republika Srbija
local short form: Srbija
former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
etymology: the origin of the name is uncertain, but seems to be related to the name of the West Slavic Sorbs who reside in the Lusatian region in present-day eastern Germany; by tradition, the Serbs migrated from that region to the Balkans in about the 6th century A.D.
Government type
parliamentary republic
Capital
name: Belgrade (Beograd)
geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: the Serbian "Beograd" means "white fortress" or "white city" and dates back to the 9th century; the name derives from the white fortress wall that once enclosed the city
Administrative divisions
117 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 28 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)
municipalities: Ada*, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar*, Apatin*, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac*, Backa Palanka*, Backa Topola*, Backi Petrovac*, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej*, Bela Crkva*, Bela Palanka, Beocin*, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka*, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija*, Irig*, Ivanjica, Kanjiza*, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica*, Kovin*, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula*, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos*, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja*, Nova Varos, Novi Becej*, Novi Knezevac*, Odzaci*, Opovo*, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci*, Petrovac na Mlavi, Plandiste*, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma*, Secanj*, Senta*, Sid*, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran*, Sremski Karlovci*, Stara Pazova*, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin*, Titel*, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas*, Vrnjacka Banja, Zabalj*, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste*, Zitorada
cities: Beograd (Belgrade), Bor, Cacak, Jagodina, Kikinda*, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad*, Pancevo*, Pirot, Pozarevac, Prokuplje, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor*, Sremska Mitrovica*, Subotica*, Uzice, Valjevo, Vranje, Vrsac*, Zajecar, Zrenjanin*
note: the northern 37 municipalities and 8 cities - about 28% of Serbia's area - compose the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina and are indicated with *
Independence
5 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 1217 (Serbian Kingdom established); 16 April 1346 (Serbian Empire established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Serbian independence); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established)
National holiday
Statehood Day, 15 February (1835), the day the first constitution of the country was adopted
Legal system
civil law system
Constitution
history: many previous; latest adopted 30 September 2006, approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, effective 8 November 2006
amendments: proposed by at least one third of deputies in the National Assembly, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition of at least 150,000 voters; passage of proposals and draft amendments each requires at least two-thirds majority vote in the Assembly; amendments to constitutional articles including the preamble, constitutional principles, and human and minority rights and freedoms also require passage by simple majority vote in a referendum
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Citizenship
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Serbia
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 3 years
Suffrage
18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
Executive branch
chief of state: President Aleksandar VUCIC (since 31 May 2017)
head of government: Prime Minister Milos Vucevic (since 2 May 2024)
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the National Assembly
elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 December 2023 (next to be held in 2028); prime minister elected by the National Assembly
election results:
2022: Aleksandar VUCIC reelected in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 60%, Zdravko PONOS (US) 18.9%, Milos JOVANOVIC (NADA) 6.1%, Bosko OBRADOVIC (Dveri-POKS) 4.5%, Milica DJURDJEVIC STAMENKOVSKI (SSZ) 4.3%, other 6.2%
2017: Aleksandar VUCIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Aleksandar VUCIC (SNS) 55.1%, Sasa JANKOVIC (independent) 16.4%, Luka MAKSIMOVIC (independent) 9.4%, Vuk JEREMIC (independent) 5.7%, Vojislav SESELJ (SRS) 4.5%, other 7.3%, invalid/blank 1.6%; Prime Minister Ana BRNABIC reelected by the National Assembly on 5 October 2020; National Assembly vote - NA
Legislative branch
description: unicameral National Assembly or Narodna Skupstina (250 seats; members directly elected by party list proportional representation vote in a single nationwide constituency to serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 17 December 2023 (next to be held in 2027)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 48%, SPN 24.4%, SPS-JS-ZS 6.7%, NADA 5.2%, MI-GIN 4.8%, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 1.7%, SPP-DSHV 0.8%, SDAS 0.6%, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 0.4%, RS-NKPJ 0.3%, other 7.1%; seats by party/coalition - Serbia Must Stop 128, SPN 65, SPS-JS-ZS 18, NADA 13, MI-GIN 13, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 6, SPP-DSHV 3, SDAS 2, Political Battle of the Albanians Continues 1, RS-NKPJ 1; composition - men 155, women 95; percentage of women 38%
Judicial branch
highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of 36 judges, including the court president); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges, including the court president and vice president)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member independent body consisting of 8 judges elected by the National Assembly and 3 ex-officio members; justices appointed by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges elected - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; initial appointment of Supreme Court judges by the HJC is 3 years and beyond that period tenure is permanent; Constitutional Court judges elected for 9-year terms
subordinate courts: basic courts, higher courts, appellate courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, commercial courts, and misdemeanor courts
Political parties
Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM or VMSZ
Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV
Democratic Party or DS
Ecological Uprising or EU
Green - Left Front or ZLF
Greens of Serbia or ZS
Justice and Reconciliation Party or SPP (formerly Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS)
Movement for Reversal or PZP
Movement for the Restoration of the Kingdom of Serbia or POKS
Movement of Free Citizens or PSG
Movement of Socialists or PS
National Democratic Alternative or NADA (electoral coalition includes NDSS and POKS)
New Communist Party of Yugoslavia or NKPJ
New Democratic Party of Serbia or NDSS or New DSS (formerly Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS)
New Face of Serbia or NLS
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDAS
Party of Freedom and Justice or SSP
Party of United Pensioners, Farmers, and Proletarians of Serbia – Solidarity and Justice or PUPS - Solidarity and Justice (formerly Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS)
People's Movement of Serbia or NPS
People's Movement of Serbs from Kosovo and Metohija or Fatherland
People's Peasant Party or NSS
Political Battle of the Albanians Continues
Russian Party or RS
Serbia Against Violence or SPN (electoral coalition includes DS, SSP, ZLF, Zajedno, NPS, PSG, EU, PZP, USS Sloga, NLS, Fatherland)
Serbia Must Not Stop (electoral coalitions includes SNS, SDPS, PUPS, PSS, SNP, SPO, PS, NSS, USS)
Serbian People's Party or SNP
Serbian Progressive Party or SNS
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO
Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS
Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS
Strength of Serbia or PSS
Together or ZAJEDNO
United Peasant Party or USS
United Serbia or JS
United Trade Unions of Serbia "Sloga" or USS Sloga
We - The Voice from the People or MI-GIN
International organization participation
BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
note: Serbia is an EU candidate country whose satisfactory completion of accession criteria is required before being granted full EU membership
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Vladimir MARIC (since 30 April 2024)
chancery: 1333 16th Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 507-8654
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
email address and website:
[email protected]
http://www.washington.mfa.gov.rs/
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher R. HILL (since 1 April 2022)
embassy: 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade
mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070
telephone: [381] (11) 706-4000
FAX: [381] (11) 706-4481
email address and website:
[email protected]
https://rs.usembassy.gov/
Flag description
three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels (fire strikers) or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
National symbol(s)
white double-headed eagle; national colors: red, blue, white
National anthem
name: "Boze pravde" (God of Justice)
lyrics/music: Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO
note: adopted 1904; song originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 4 (all cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Stari Ras and Sopoćani; Studenica Monastery; Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius; Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards
Economy
Economic overview
upper middle-income Balkan economy; current EU accession candidate; hit by COVID-19; pursuing green growth development; manageable public debt; new anticorruption efforts; falling unemployment; historic Russian relations; energy import-dependent
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$162.213 billion (2023 est.)
$158.214 billion (2022 est.)
$154.28 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 79
Real GDP growth rate
2.53% (2023 est.)
2.55% (2022 est.)
7.73% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 123
Real GDP per capita
$24,500 (2023 est.)
$23,700 (2022 est.)
$22,600 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars
comparison ranking: 88
GDP (official exchange rate)
$75.187 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
12.37% (2023 est.)
11.98% (2022 est.)
4.09% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
comparison ranking: 188
Credit ratings
Fitch rating: BB+ (2019)
Moody's rating: Ba3 (2017)
Standard & Poors rating: BB+ (2019)
note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 9.8% (2017 est.)
industry: 41.1% (2017 est.)
services: 49.1% (2017 est.)
comparison rankings: services 184; industry 24; agriculture 91
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 78.2% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 10.1% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 18.5% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 2% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 52.5% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -61.3% (2017 est.)
Agricultural products
maize, wheat, sugar beets, milk, sunflower seeds, potatoes, plums, apples, barley, soybeans (2022)
note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage
Industries
automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate
3.62% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
comparison ranking: 89
Labor force
3.333 million (2023 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work
comparison ranking: 100
Unemployment rate
8.68% (2023 est.)
8.68% (2022 est.)
10.06% (2021 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment
comparison ranking: 153
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 24.3% (2023 est.)
male: 23.2% (2023 est.)
female: 26.1% (2023 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 46
Population below poverty line
21.2% (2020 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
33.1 (2021 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
comparison ranking: 100
Average household expenditures
on food: 24.1% of household expenditures (2021 est.)
on alcohol and tobacco: 8.4% of household expenditures (2021 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.5% (2021 est.)
highest 10%: 25.9% (2021 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Remittances
7.68% of GDP (2023 est.)
8.97% of GDP (2022 est.)
7.29% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Budget
revenues: $21.858 billion (2020 est.)
expenditures: $25.72 billion (2020 est.)
note: data include both central government and local goverment budgets
Taxes and other revenues
25.11% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP
comparison ranking: 45
Current account balance
-$1.954 billion (2023 est.)
-$4.457 billion (2022 est.)
-$2.654 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
comparison ranking: 157
Exports
$44.343 billion (2023 est.)
$39.905 billion (2022 est.)
$34.035 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 70
Exports - partners
Germany 13%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 7%, Italy 7%, Hungary 6%, Romania 4% (2022)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports
Exports - commodities
insulated wire, copper ore, plastic products, electricity, rubber tires (2022)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars
Imports
$48.216 billion (2023 est.)
$47.395 billion (2022 est.)
$39.476 billion (2021 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
comparison ranking: 68
Imports - partners
Germany 11%, China 8%, Hungary 8%, Russia 7%, Italy 6% (2022)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports
Imports - commodities
electricity, crude petroleum, natural gas, plastic products, packaged medicine (2022)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$27.569 billion (2023 est.)
$20.68 billion (2022 est.)
$18.617 billion (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
comparison ranking: 70
Exchange rates
Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
108.403 (2023 est.)
111.662 (2022 est.)
99.396 (2021 est.)
103.163 (2020 est.)
105.25 (2019 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 8.075 million kW (2022 est.)
consumption: 30.678 billion kWh (2022 est.)
exports: 5.613 billion kWh (2022 est.)
imports: 8.236 billion kWh (2022 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 4.494 billion kWh (2022 est.)
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 158; imports 31; exports 37; consumption 67; installed generating capacity 72
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 68.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
wind: 2.9% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
hydroelectricity: 27.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
Coal
production: 35.129 million metric tons (2022 est.)
consumption: 38.297 million metric tons (2022 est.)
exports: 9,000 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 1.641 million metric tons (2022 est.)
proven reserves: 7.514 billion metric tons (2022 est.)
Petroleum
total petroleum production: 13,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
refined petroleum consumption: 82,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
crude oil estimated reserves: 77.5 million barrels (2021 est.)
Natural gas
production: 353.376 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
consumption: 2.939 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
imports: 2.652 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
proven reserves: 48.139 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions
42.933 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from coal and metallurgical coke: 27.399 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 10.06 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from consumed natural gas: 5.474 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
comparison ranking: total emissions 63
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 2.539 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 37 (2021 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 46
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 8.621 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 124 (2021 est.)
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 98
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: Serbia’s telecom industry has been liberalized in line with the principles of the EU’s regulatory framework for communications, focused on encouraging competition in telecom products and services, and ensuring universal access; considerable network investment has been undertaken in Serbia by incumbent and alternative operators in recent years, despite economic difficulties; this has helped to stimulate internet usage, which has also been bolstered by improved affordability as prices are reduced through competition; the pandemic has stimulated consumer take up of services, particularly mobile data; the government’s various initiatives to improve rural broadband availability have also been supported by European development loans; Serbia’s high mobile services, partly the result of multiple SIM card use, has weighed on revenue growth in recent years, placing further pressure on operators to develop business models which encourage consumer use of mobile data services also in response to the continued substitution of fixed-line for mobile voice calls; the regulator has yet to auction 5G-suitable frequencies, though operators are already investing in their networks in preparation for this next growth frontier; during 2021 the regulator resumed the process towards a 5G spectrum auction, which had been delayed owing to the onset of the covid-19 pandemic (2022)
domestic: fixed-line over 37 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 124 per 100 persons (2021)
international: country code - 381
Internet users
total: 5.589 million (2021 est.)
percent of population: 81% (2021 est.)
comparison ranking: total 85
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 1,730,496 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 25 (2020 est.)
comparison ranking: total 62
Transportation
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 4 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 43
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,262,703 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 17.71 million (2018) mt-km
Heliports
8 (2024)
Pipelines
1,936 km gas, 413 km oil
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Army (aka Land Forces; includes Riverine Component, consisting of a naval flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces, Serbian Guard
Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Police Directorate (2024)
note: the Serbian Guard is a brigade-sized unit that is directly subordinate to the Serbian Armed Forces Chief of General Staff; its duties include safeguarding key defense facilities and rendering military honors to top foreign, state, and military officials
Military expenditures
2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
2% of GDP (2020 est.)
2.2% of GDP (2019 est.)
comparison ranking: 46
Military and security service personnel strengths
approximately 25,000 active-duty troops (15,000 Land Forces; 5,000 Air/Air Defense; 5,000 other); approximately 3,000 Gendarmerie (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the military's inventory consists of a mix of domestically produced, Russian/Soviet-era, and Yugoslav equipment and weapons systems; in recent years, it has purchased some weapons systems from China, such as anti-aircraft missiles and armed aerial drones (2024)
Military service age and obligation
18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; conscription abolished in 2011 (2024)
note: as of 2024, women made up about 11% of the military's full-time personnel
Military deployments
180 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2024)
Military - note
the Serbian military is responsible for defense and deterrence against external threats, supporting international peacekeeping operations, and providing support to civil authorities for internal security; specific threat concerns of the military include extremism, separatism, and deepening international recognition of Kosovo; Serbia has cooperated with NATO since 2006, when it joined the Partnership for Peace program, and the military trains with NATO countries, particularly other Balkan states; Serbia has participated in EU peacekeeping missions, as well as missions under the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the UN; it also maintains close security ties with Russia and has a growing security relationship with China
the modern Serbian military was established in 2006 but traces its origins back through World War II, World War I, the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, and the Bulgarian-Serb War of 1885 to the First (1804-1813) and Second (1815-1817) Uprisings against the Ottoman Empire (2024)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 17,334 (Croatia), 7,997 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (mid-year 2022)
IDPs: 196,066 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2022)
stateless persons: 2,594 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2022)
note: 1,045,323 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-March 2024)
Trafficking in persons
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List — the government has devoted sufficient resources to a written plan that, if implemented, would constitute significant efforts to meet the minimum standards; therefore, Serbia was granted a waiver per the Trafficking Victims Protection Act from an otherwise required downgrade to Tier 3 and remained on Tier 2 Watch List for the third consecutive year; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/serbia/
Illicit drugs
drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of of large quantities of cocaine destined for European markets