Introduction
Background
The landlocked West Bank -- the larger of the two Palestinian territories -- is home to some three million Palestinians. Inhabited since at least the 15th century B.C., the area currently known as the West Bank has been dominated by a succession of different powers. In the early 16th century, it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. The West Bank fell to British forces during World War I, becoming part of the British Mandate of Palestine. After the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Transjordan (later renamed Jordan) captured the West Bank and annexed it in 1950; Israel then captured it in the Six-Day War in 1967. Under the Oslo Accords -- a series of agreements that were signed between 1993 and 1999 -- Israel transferred to the newly created Palestinian Authority (PA) security and civilian responsibility for the many Palestinian-populated areas of the West Bank, as well as the Gaza Strip.
In addition to establishing the PA as an interim government, the Oslo Accords divided the West Bank into three areas, with one fully managed by the PA (Area A), another fully managed by Israel (Area C), and a third with shared control (Area B) until a permanent agreement could be reached between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel. In 2000, a violent intifada, or uprising, began across the Palestinian territories, and in 2001, negotiations for a permanent agreement between the PLO and Israel on final status issues stalled. Subsequent attempts to re-start direct negotiations have not resulted in progress toward determining final status of the area.
The PA last held national elections in 2006, when the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Fatah, the dominant Palestinian political faction in the West Bank, and HAMAS failed to maintain a unity government, leading to violent clashes between their respective supporters and to HAMAS's violent seizure of all PA military and governmental institutions in the Gaza Strip in 2007. In 2018, the Palestinian Constitutional Court dissolved the PLC. In recent years, Fatah and HAMAS have made several attempts at reconciliation, but the factions have been unable to implement agreements.
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Geography
Location
Middle East, west of Jordan, east of Israel
Geographic coordinates
32 00 N, 35 15 E
Map references
Middle East
Area
total : 5,860 sq km
land: 5,640 sq km
water: 220 sq km
note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967
comparison ranking: total 171
Area - comparative
slightly smaller than Delaware
Land boundaries
total: 478 km
border countries (2): Israel 330 km; Jordan 148 km
Coastline
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
Climate
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Terrain
mostly rugged, dissected upland in west, flat plains descending to Jordan River Valley to the east
Elevation
highest point: Khallat al Batrakh 1,020 m
lowest point: Dead Sea -431 m
Natural resources
arable land
Land use
agricultural land: 43.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 11% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 24.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.5% (2018 est.)
other: 55.2% (2018 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip
Irrigated land
(2013) 151 sq km; note - includes Gaza Strip
Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s): Dead Sea (shared with Jordan and Israel) - 1,020 sq km
note - endorheic hypersaline lake; 9.6 times saltier than the ocean; lake shore is 431 meters below sea level
Population distribution
the most populous Palestinian communities in the West Bank are located in the central ridge and western half of its territory; Jewish settlements are located throughout the West Bank, the most populous in the Seam Zone--between the 1949 Armistice Line and the separation barrier--and around Jerusalem
Natural hazards
droughts
Geography - note
landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers; there are about 380 Israeli civilian sites, including about 213 settlements and 132 small outpost communities in the West Bank and 35 sites in East Jerusalem (2017)
People and Society
Population
total: 3,243,369
male: 1,648,450
female: 1,594,919 (2024 est.)
note: approximately 468,300 Israeli settlers live in the West Bank (2022); approximately 236,600 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (2021)
comparison rankings: female 136; male 136; total 135
Nationality
noun: NA
adjective: NA
Ethnic groups
Palestinian Arab, Jewish, other
Languages
Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
major-language sample(s):
كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)
The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.
Religions
Muslim 80-85% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 12-14%, Christian 1-2.5% (mainly Greek Orthodox), other, unaffiliated, unspecified <1% (2012 est.)
Age structure
0-14 years: 36.7% (male 609,497/female 579,227)
15-64 years: 59.5% (male 979,719/female 949,746)
65 years and over: 3.9% (2024 est.) (male 59,234/female 65,946)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 74.3
youth dependency ratio: 68.2
elderly dependency ratio: 6.1
potential support ratio: 16.5 (2021 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Median age
total: 21.9 years (2024 est.)
male: 21.6 years
female: 22.1 years
comparison ranking: total 189
Population distribution
the most populous Palestinian communities in the West Bank are located in the central ridge and western half of its territory; Jewish settlements are located throughout the West Bank, the most populous in the Seam Zone--between the 1949 Armistice Line and the separation barrier--and around Jerusalem
Urbanization
urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
20 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 125
Infant mortality rate
total: 15.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)
male: 17.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 12.6 deaths/1,000 live births
comparison ranking: total 93
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 76.5 years (2024 est.)
male: 74.4 years
female: 78.8 years
comparison ranking: total population 108
Gross reproduction rate
1.69 (2024 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate
57.3% (2019/20)
note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 98.9% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 98.9% of population
unimproved: urban: 1.1% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 1.1% of population (2020 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Physician density
3.25 physicians/1,000 population (2020)
Hospital bed density
1.3 beds/1,000 population (2019)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 98.6% of population
total: 99.6% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 1.4% of population
total: 0.4% of population (2020 est.)
note: note includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Major infectious diseases
note: on 31 August 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Asia; the West Bank is currently considered a high risk to travelers for polio; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
2.1% (2019/20)
note: estimate is for Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 101
Currently married women (ages 15-49)
62.4% (2023 est.)
note: data includes Gaza and the West Bank
Child marriage
women married by age 15: 0.7%
women married by age 18: 13.4% (2020 est.)
note: includes both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Education expenditures
5.3% of GDP (2018 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip and the West Bank
comparison ranking: 65
Literacy
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.8%
female: 96.2% (2020)
note: estimates are for Gaza and the West Bank
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 13 years
male: 12 years
female: 14 years (2021)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Environment
Environment - current issues
adequacy of freshwater supply; sewage treatment
Climate
temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Land use
agricultural land: 43.3% (2018 est.)
arable land: 7.4% (2018 est.)
permanent crops: 11% (2018 est.)
permanent pasture: 24.9% (2018 est.)
forest: 1.5% (2018 est.)
other: 55.2% (2018 est.)
note: includes Gaza Strip
Urbanization
urban population: 77.6% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 2.85% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
note: data represent Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Air pollutants
particulate matter emissions: 30.82 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
carbon dioxide emissions: 3.23 megatons (2016 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Waste and recycling
municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.387 million tons (2016 est.)
municipal solid waste recycled annually: 6,935 tons (2013 est.)
percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 0.5% (2013 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Major lakes (area sq km)
salt water lake(s): Dead Sea (shared with Jordan and Israel) - 1,020 sq km
note - endorheic hypersaline lake; 9.6 times saltier than the ocean; lake shore is 431 meters below sea level
Total water withdrawal
municipal: 200 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
industrial: 30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
agricultural: 220 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Total renewable water resources
840 million cubic meters (2020 est.)
note: data represent combined total from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Government
Country name
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: West Bank
etymology: name refers to the location of the region of the British Mandate of Palestine that was occupied and administered by Jordan in 1948, as it is located on the far side (west bank) of the Jordan River in relation to Jordan proper; the designation was retained following the 1967 Six-Day War and the subsequent changes in administration
National heritage
total World Heritage Sites: 4 (all cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan; Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem; Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town; Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir
Economy
Real GDP (purchasing power parity)
$27.418 billion (2023 est.)
$29.016 billion (2022 est.)
$27.878 billion (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 151
Real GDP growth rate
-5.51% (2023 est.)
4.08% (2022 est.)
7.01% (2021 est.)
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 213
Real GDP per capita
$5,300 (2023 est.)
$5,800 (2022 est.)
$5,700 (2021 est.)
note: data in 2021 dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 176
GDP (official exchange rate)
$17.396 billion (2023 est.)
note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
5.87% (2023 est.)
3.74% (2022 est.)
1.24% (2021 est.)
note: annual % change based on consumer prices; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 122
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 2.9% (2017 est.)
industry: 19.5% (2017 est.)
services: 77.6% (2017 est.)
note: excludes Gaza Strip
comparison rankings: services 39; industry 155; agriculture 154
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 91.3% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 26.7% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 23% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.)
exports of goods and services: 20% (2017 est.)
imports of goods and services: -61% (2017 est.)
note: excludes Gaza Strip
Agricultural products
tomatoes, cucumbers, olives, poultry, milk, potatoes, sheep milk, eggplants, gourds
Industries
small-scale manufacturing, quarrying, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs
Industrial production growth rate
-8.57% (2023 est.)
note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 205
Labor force
1.389 million (2022 est.)
note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 138
Unemployment rate
24.42% (2022 est.)
26.39% (2021 est.)
25.9% (2020 est.)
note: % of labor force seeking employment; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 204
Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)
total: 36% (2022 est.)
male: 31.6% (2022 est.)
female: 56.7% (2022 est.)
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
comparison ranking: total 16
Population below poverty line
29.2% (2016 est.)
note: % of population with income below national poverty line; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income
33.7 (2016 est.)
note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 93
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.9% (2016 est.)
highest 10%: 25.2% (2016 est.)
note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
Remittances
21.84% of GDP (2023 est.)
21.13% of GDP (2022 est.)
20.77% of GDP (2021 est.)
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
Budget
revenues: $3.803 billion (2020 est.)
expenditures: $5.002 billion (2020 est.)
note: includes Palestinian Authority expenditures in the Gaza Strip
Taxes and other revenues
21.47% (of GDP) (2021 est.)
note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 71
Current account balance
-$2.037 billion (2022 est.)
-$1.778 billion (2021 est.)
-$1.903 billion (2020 est.)
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 160
Exports
$3.533 billion (2022 est.)
$3.14 billion (2021 est.)
$2.385 billion (2020 est.)
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 150
Exports - partners
Israel 81%, Jordan 10%, UAE 2%, US 1%, Turkey 1% (2022)
note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Exports - commodities
building stone, scrap iron, plastic products, furniture, seats (2022)
note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Imports
$12.257 billion (2022 est.)
$10.094 billion (2021 est.)
$8.065 billion (2020 est.)
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 114
Imports - partners
Israel 57%, Turkey 6%, Egypt 6%, Jordan 4%, China 4% (2022)
note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Imports - commodities
refined petroleum, electricity, animal food, cars, cement (2022)
note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars; entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$1.323 billion (2023 est.)
$896.9 million (2022 est.)
$872.541 million (2021 est.)
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars; entry includes West Bank and Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 150
Debt - external
$1.662 billion (31 March 2016 est.)
$1.467 billion (31 March 2015 est.)
note: data include the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 158
Exchange rates
new Israeli shekels (ILS) per US dollar -
Exchange rates:
3.36 (2022 est.)
3.23 (2021 est.)
3.442 (2020 est.)
3.565 (2019 est.)
3.591 (2018 est.)
Energy
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Electricity
installed generating capacity: 352,000 kW (2022 est.)
consumption: 6.746 billion kWh (2022 est.)
imports: 6.7 billion kWh (2022 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 880.312 million kWh (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
comparison rankings: transmission/distribution losses 92; imports 38; consumption 118; installed generating capacity 159
Electricity generation sources
fossil fuels: 77.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
solar: 22.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Coal
exports: (2022 est.) less than 1 metric ton
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Petroleum
refined petroleum consumption: 29,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
Carbon dioxide emissions
3.942 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
from petroleum and other liquids: 3.942 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: total emissions 142
Energy consumption per capita
15.201 million Btu/person (2022 est.)
note: includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: 140
Communications
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 458,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2021 est.)
note: entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 96
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 4.388 million (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 78 (2021 est.)
note: entry includes the West Bank and the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: total subscriptions 130
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: most telecommunications companies in the West Bank and Gaza import directly from international vendors; the major challenge they face are Israeli restrictions on telecommunication imports that are listed as “Dual Use” products; during a visit to the West Bank in July 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden announced that Israeli and Palestinian teams will work together to roll out an advanced infrastructure for 4G; currently, only 2G service is available in Gaza (2024)
domestic: fixed-line 9 per 100 and mobile-cellular subscriptions 78 per 100 (includes Gaza Strip) (2021)
international: country code 970 or 972; 1 international switch in Ramallah
Broadcast media
the Palestinian Authority operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; about 20 private TV and 40 radio stations; both Jordanian TV and satellite TV are accessible
Internet country code
.ps; note - IANA has designated .ps for the West Bank, same as Gaza Strip
Internet users
total: 3,938,199 (2021 est.)
percent of population: 80% (2021 est.)
note: includes the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: total 111
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 373,050 (2020 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 7 (2020 est.)
note: includes the Gaza Strip
comparison ranking: total 102
Transportation
Heliports
2 (2024)
Military and Security
Military and security forces
per the Oslo Accords, the PA is not permitted a conventional military but maintains security and police forces; PA security personnel have operated exclusively in the West Bank since HAMAS seized power in the Gaza Strip in 2007; PA forces include the National Security Forces, Presidential Guard, Civil Police, Civil Defense, Preventive Security Organization, the General Intelligence Organization, and the Military Intelligence Organization (2023)
note: the National Security Forces conduct gendarmerie-style security operations in circumstances that exceed the capabilities of the Civil Police; it is the largest branch of the PA security services and acts as the internal Palestinian security force; the Presidential Guard protects facilities and provides dignitary protection; the Preventive Security Organization is responsible for internal intelligence gathering and investigations related to internal security cases, including political dissent
Military expenditures
not available
Military and security service personnel strengths
the PA Security Forces have approximately 28,000 active personnel (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the security services are armed mostly with small arms and light weapons; in recent years, they have received small amounts of equipment from Jordan, Russia, and the US (2023)
Military - note
Palestinian Authority security forces maintain security control of 17.5% (called Area A) of the West Bank, as agreed by the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel in the Oslo Accords; Israeli security forces maintain responsibility for the remaining 82.5% of the West Bank, including Area B (22.5%), where the Palestinian Authority has administrative control, and Area C (60%), where Israel maintains administrative control (2023)
Terrorism
Terrorist group(s)
Terrorist group(s): Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade; HAMAS; Kahane Chai; Palestine Islamic Jihad; Palestine Liberation Front; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 901,000 (Palestinian refugees) (2022)
IDPs: 12,000 (includes persons displaced within the Gaza strip due to the intensification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict since June 2014 and other Palestinian IDPs in the Gaza Strip and West Bank who fled as long ago as 1967, although confirmed cumulative data do not go back beyond 2006) (2022); note - data represent Gaza Strip and West Bank